Is sugar ever good for you? You may have heard that sugar is bad and should be avoided, but for athletes in particular, this is not absolutely the case.
TrueSport expert Stephanie Miezin, a registered dietician, destigmatizes sugar and shares the four ways athletes should be using sugar for fuel: before, during, and after exercise, and as a fun treat (in moderation).
The Difference Between Sugar and Carbohydrates
A lot of athletes and coaches become confused about the difference between carbohydrates and sugar, because often the two are used interchangeably. Sugars are always carbohydrates, but carbohydrates can be simple or complex, and can contain starch and fiber in addition to sugar. Sugar is a simple carbohydrate because of its size, and therefore, it can be quickly processed into energy in the body. The more complex the carbohydrate the longer it takes the body to convert it into energy.
“The longer or more complex the chain of carbohydrate, the closer we are to fiber, and the shorter the chain, the closer we are to sugars,” Miezin said. “I think that's a nice way to think about it because it objectifies sugar rather than assigning it a good or bad connotation.”
The Problem With Demonizing Sugar
“Yes, there are associations in the general population research where we see higher added sugar intake associated with poor health outcomes or weight gain over time,” Miezin said. “However, these are general population studies, and it’s a big leap to say that young athletes should never have any sugar at any time. Sports nutrition and nutrition for athletes is a very specific context, and we know that many of our general nutrition recommendations do not always directly translate over to sport nutrition.”
Miezin notes that sugar is simply a type of carbohydrate and isn’t inherently good or bad. “Typically, sugar is an evil word in the world,” she said. "But guess what the body breaks all digestible carbohydrates down into? Sugar.
“For example, we might think about a potato as complex carbohydrates and pieces of candy as a source of simple sugar. But at the end of the day, both of those are going to turn into glucose in the body. That is how the body can transform these foods into usable energy.”
Recognize Sources of Added Sugar
While sugar isn’t bad, it is a good idea to know when you’re eating it. There are often surprising amounts of hidden sugars in everyday meals and foods, especially pre-prepared or ultra-processed ones. Even though sugar can be beneficial for an athlete who needs quick energy or needs to begin the muscle repair process, it is still possible to overdo simple sugars, and in doing so, skimp on more nutrient dense meals. So, added sugars in processed and ultra-processed foods are worth paying attention to, but not avoiding entirely.
“When we're looking at nutrition labels, the ‘Added Sugar’ is something to look at,” Miezin said. “Added sugar means that the food or beverage has an addition of a sugar, whether that’s simple table sugar, honey, maple syrup, or any sort of syrup or fruit juice concentrate. These are not inherently bad, but we should pay attention to them.”
It’s also important to remember that a claim of “no added sugar” doesn’t automatically mean that something has no sugar, it just means that none has been additionally added. But it may still contain sugar.
A good example is milk, which according to the nutrition facts panel usually has 12 grams of ‘Total Sugars’ but 0 grams of ‘Added Sugars.’ Cow’s milk naturally contains a simple type of carbohydrate, or a sugar, which we know as lactose. Miezin advises not to worry about these naturally occurring sugars. “Research shows that naturally occurring sugars, like in milk, are not associated with increased health risks like added sugars can be,” she said.
When Athletes Need Sugar
There are four key times an athlete may benefit from sugar to perform at their best: before, during, and after exercise, but also simply as a fun treat anytime, in moderation.
“Sugar is a great energy source before, during, and after a workout, because we know this type of carbohydrate is quickly digested and is easier on the stomach,” Miezin said. “That means we're going to get quicker energy, which leads to more fuel in the system working to refuel the muscles.”
The amounts that an athlete can tolerate before, during, and after exercise can differ greatly between individuals.
1. BEFORE
Before workouts, one general recommendation is roughly one gram of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight if eating an hour before a workout. So, if an athlete is 130 pounds, or 59 kilograms, then they would want to have approximately 59 grams of carbs that sit well in the stomach for that individual. This could be achieved with a large banana and a packet of fruit snacks, 2 oz. of pretzels and 12 oz. of a traditional sports drink (with carbs), or a granola bar and a cup of juice. Some of those foods contain added sugars, which helps to meet carbohydrate needs for quick fueling without requiring large amounts of food to be consumed prior to exercise.
2. DURING
During a workout that lasts an hour or more, consuming carbohydrates by quickly digesting sugars in the form of a sports drink or fruit gummies (with water) ‘recharges’ muscles to support continued high performance.
3. AFTER
To jump start the muscle recovery process, it is recommended to consume 1 gram of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight within an hour of finishing exercise, training, or competition. Quickly digesting carbohydrates, like sugars, can help meet these energy needs while being easy on the stomach, which can be especially important for many athletes who don’t have much appetite after exercise. The above examples for before-exercise fueling would work for after-exercise recovery as well. Or it would be a great time for chocolate milk, which contains added sugars and can provide close to our example of 59 grams of carbohydrates in 2 cups.
4. ANY TIME IN MODERATION
“I don't want athletes to think that they should only have added sugar foods around exercise,” Miezin said. “It’s good to think about that as the priority time to have sugar because it’s when we can really leverage the benefit of sugar, but I want young athletes to have that dessert when they want it. That is really important for an athlete’s relationship with food and positive eating behaviors. There shouldn't be a time when sugar is off-limits.”
In fact, some athletes may need that sugar-rich snack during the day in order to satisfy their caloric needs, especially if that athlete has two-a-day practices or an intense training schedule.
The priority, of course, is a well-balanced diet. “We do want to be getting most of our energy from nutrient-rich whole food sources,” Miezin said.
Takeaway
Sugar plays an important role in an athlete’s fueling and should never be considered off-limits. While other forms of carbohydrates (such as complex carbs and fiber) should be rich in an athlete’s diet, sugar is particularly useful before, during, and after a workout. And for athletes who are constantly burning energy, eating sweet treats is absolutely part of a balanced diet that supports both their health and performance.
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