Skip to main content

St. Paul’s (Md.) defeated former No. 1 McDonogh (Md.) 16-9 on Wednesday, resulting in another major climb for the Gators.

Christina Gagnon scored five goals to go with three assists, Frannie Hahn and Kendall Steer had three goals apiece and Caitlin McElwee added two goals. Josie Hahn and Lauren Steer each had two assists. St. Paul’s jumped out to a 10-0 lead. Leah Warehime made four saves.

It’s the first regular-season defeat of McDonogh by an IAAM team since 2008.

The Gators then beat Bryn Mawr (Md.) 15-10 on Saturday. Gagnon and McElwee had three goals and one assist apiece, and Lauren Steer, Josie Hahn and Frannie Hahn all contributed two goals apiece, with Lauren Steer adding two assists. Warehime made eight saves.

Check out the rest of the regional and national rankings below.

Skip to: National | Northeast | Mid-Atlantic | South | Midwest | West

National Top 25

 
April 27, 2021
W/L
Prev
1 Manhasset (N.Y.) 0-0 3
2 Garden City (N.Y.) 0-0 4
3 St. Paul's (Md.) 9-0 9
4 Northport (N.Y.) 0-0 7
5 Eastport-South Manor (N.Y.) 0-0 8
6 Georgetown Visitation (D.C.) 2-0 14
7 Moorestown (N.J.) 3-0 13
8 St. Stephen's & St. Agnes (Va.) 1-2 2
9 Conestoga (Pa.) 8-0-1 10
10 New Canaan (Conn.) 2-0 NR
11 St. Anthony's (N.Y.) 0-0 11
12 Mount Sinai (N.Y.) 0-0 12
13 Notre Dame Prep (Md.) 7-0 18
14 McDonogh (Md.) 10-2 1
15 Stone Ridge (Md.) 2-1 15
16 Penn Charter (Pa.) 9-0-1 19
17 Oak Knoll (N.J.) 2-1 5
18 Bayport-Blue Point (N.Y.) 0-0 16
19 Darien (Conn.) 3-1 6
20 Milton (Ga.) 16-0 20
21 Cold Spring Harbor (N.Y.) 0-0 17
22 Glenelg Country (Md.) 8-2 NR
23 Ridgewood (N.J.) 2-0 NR
24 Severna Park (Md.) 0-0 21
25 Sacred Heart (N.Y.) 0-0 22
Also considered (alphabetical order): Baldwinsville (N.Y.), Bishop Ireton (Va.), Chatham (N.J.), Colorado Academy (Colo.), Fayetteville-Manlius (N.Y.), Garnet Valley (Pa.), Good Counsel (Md.), Lake Highland Prep (Fla.), Pittsford (N.Y.), Radnor (Pa.), Smithtown East (N.Y.), Wantagh (N.Y.), West Babylon (N.Y.)

Nike/US Lacrosse High School Rankings
National Boys' Top 25 | National Girls' Top 25
Northeast Boys' Top 10 | Northeast Girls' Top 10
Mid-Atlantic Boys' Top 10 | Mid-Atlantic Girls' Top 10
South Boys' Top 10
| South Girls' Top 10
Midwest Boys' Top 10
| Midwest Girls' Top 10
West Boys' Top 10
| West Girls' Top 10

Northeast Top 10

1. Manhasset (N.Y.), 0-0

It’s been too long of a wait to see Emma LoPinto play her next high school game. Now a Florida-bound senior, she will lead Manhasset as it takes on No. 9 Cold Spring Harbor in the opener Thursday. Grace Gately, a Villanova commit who had 40 goals and 25 assists as a sophomore, will be just as much of an impact player. Previous: 1

2. Garden City (N.Y.), 0-0

With senior Yale-bound midfielder/attacker Alex Hopkins and senior attacker Sydney Pappas (Villanova) leading the way, the Dave Ettinger era at Garden City begins against Syosset on Thursday. Pappas had 30 goals as a sophomore. Previous: 2

3. Northport (N.Y.), 0-0

The reigning New York State Class A champions — led by one of the region’s most lethal scorers in junior attacker Kaylie Mackiewicz (Duke) — open the 2021 season with an intriguing clash against Middle Country (N.Y.) on May 5. Previous: 4

4. Eastport-South Manor (N.Y.), 0-0

The 2019 NYS Class B champions, who are guided by senior goalie Katie Vahle (Arizona State) and two-way senior midfielder Celeste Forte (Florida commit), meet Rocky Point under the lights in their season opener May 4. Previous: 5

5. New Canaan (Conn.), 2-0

From quarantine to the top five in the Northeast, it’s been quite the whirlwind for New Canaan after defeating rival Darien (Conn.) 7-5 in their delayed season opener. Junior goalie Claire Mahoney had 10 saves, Dillyn Patten and Kaleigh Harden scored two goals apiece. The Rams followed with a 15-8 victory over Greenwich (Conn.). Previous: NR

6. St. Anthony’s (N.Y.), 0-0

With one of Long Island’s top returning goalies in Erin O’Grady, the Friars’ anticipated 2021 season opens at home against Archbishop Molloy (N.Y.) on Wednesday. Previous: 6

7. Mount Sinai (N.Y.), 0-0

Mount Sinai is led by Maryland-bound senior Emily Lamparter, who is arguably the best goalie on Long Island, and she’s joined by Molloy Laforge, a senior midfielder who committed to Stony Brook, and seniors Amanda Dowler (LIU) and Christina Mastrorocco (Binghamton). Al Bertolone’s stacked squad, which also features future Division I defenders in juniors Alexa Carranante (Pitt), Delilah Mile (Albany) and Jordan DeBlasio (Syracuse), opens the season May 4 against East Islip (N.Y.). Previous: 7

8. Bayport-Blue Point (N.Y.), 0-0

Led by Stanford-bound senior Maddigan Miller, who had 26 goals and six assists as a sophomore, Bayport-Blue Point looks forward to intriguing matchups against Eastport-South Manor on May 11 and Mount Sinai on May 17. But first up for BBP is a home game against Islip on May 4. Previous: 8

9. Darien (Conn.), 3-1

The Blue Wave had a 20-game winning streak against Connecticut opponents snapped in a 7-5 loss to New Canaan. The Rams also handed Darien their last in-state defeat, which ended a 107-game Connecticut winning streak. Shea Dolce was a bright spot in defeat, making 10 saves. Previous: 3

10. Cold Spring Harbor (N.Y.), 0-0

Coming off consecutive New York State Class C titles, Cold Spring Harbor meets No. 1 Manhasset to start the season on Thursday. CSH reloads with junior defender Grace Kiernan, a Fairfield commit with a high lacrosse IQ, and Ava Tighe, a 5-10 junior attacker who is also strong at the draw. Previous: 9

— Dylan Butler

Mid-Atlantic Top 10

1. St. Paul's (Md.), 9-0  

The Gators defeated former No. 1 McDonogh (Md.) 16-9 on Wednesday. Christina Gagnon scored five goals to go with three assists, Frannie Hahn and Kendall Steer had three goals apiece and Caitlin McElwee added two goals. Josie Hahn and Lauren Steer each had two assists. St. Paul’s jumped out to a 10-0 lead. Leah Warehime made four saves. It’s the first regular-season defeat of McDonogh by an IAAM team since 2008. The Gators then beat Bryn Mawr (Md.) 15-10 on Saturday. Gagnon and McElwee had three goals and one assist apiece, and Lauren Steer, Josie Hahn and Frannie Hahn all contributed two goals apiece, with Lauren Steer adding two assists. Warehime made eight saves. Previous: 4

2. Georgetown Visitation (D.C.), 2-0     

Georgetown Visitation defeated then-No. 2 St. Stephen’s & St. Agnes twice in back-to-back days and both times by one goal margins. The first game was tied late when a Tigers’ double team forced a turnover that led to the game-winner from Molly Finlay for a 9-8 decision Friday. It was Finlay’s second goal of the game. Allie Boyce led with three goals, Ella O had one goal and one assist, and Madison Rassas and Sally Zinsner each chipped in one goal. Molly McGuckin finished with one goal, five draw controls and three caused turnovers. One day later, it was O who notched the game-winner on her second goal of the game to give Visi a 7-6 overtime win on Saturday. Boyce and Zinsner scored two goals apiece and Finlay had a goal. Maeve Obrist made seven saves in the second game. The defensive effort, led by Allison Baldwin, was the key to both wins. In the second matchup, Visi held SSSA scoreless for 20 minutes of the first half. The defense held SSSA to one goal in the first half of the first game. Previous: 7

3. Moorestown (N.J.), 3-0

The Quakers beat Hunterdon Central (N.J.) 19-4 to open their season April 19. Dylan Silar had four goals and an assist, Caroline Button and Margaret Lawler added four goals apiece, Emma Dengler contributed three goals, Katie Buck finished with three points on two goals and an assist and Emma Greer had two goals. Hayley Kowalczyk made 11 saves. Moorestown then beat Clearview (N.J.) 20-3 on Wednesday. Silar and Dengler each led with five points, Buck and Lawler contributed four points apiece, and Button had a hat trick. Libby Hock had a goal and two assists. The Quakers also defeated Ocean City (N.J.) 13-7 on Saturday, as Buck had five goals and one assist, and Dengler and Button recorded two goals apiece as they finished off a perfect first week of games. Previous: 6

4. St. Stephen's & St. Agnes (Va.), 1-2

The Saints lost 9-8 to then-No. 7 Georgetown Visitation on Friday and then fell 7-6 in overtime of a rematch on Saturday. Annabel Frist, Lane Lambeth and Olivia Duvall helped SSSA rally in the second game with Frist coming up with three goals and three draw controls during a big Saints run to force overtime. Rita Peterson, Cate Bradley and Nicole Cruthird had one goal apiece. In the Friday loss, Peterson had two goals and two assists, Bradley had two goals and one assist, and Duvall, Cruthird, Mira Majure and Frist contributed one goal apiece. Previous: 2

5. Conestoga (Pa.), 8-0-1

The Pioneers beat Garnet Valley (Pa.) 9-8 on Rachel Clark’s goal with 4.4 seconds left in regulation Thursday. Clark finished with three goals and an assist, Melissa Hewitt had three goals, Kate Galica added two goals and an assist, and Gabby Ridder chipped in a goal. Alana Lepore made 12 saves. Conestoga then defeated Radnor on Saturday by a 13-8 count. The Pioneers jumped out to a 7-4 halftime lead and pulled away to remain unbeaten. Clark finished with four goals, one assist and three draw controls, Galica had four goals, two assists and three draw controls, and Melissa Hewitt and Piper Kienzle had two goals apiece. Lepore made six saves. Previous: 5

6. Notre Dame Prep (Md.), 7-0 

Notre Dame beat Archbishop Spalding 11-6 on Wednesday. Nancy Halleron had five goals, Halley Koras contributed three goals and Regan Kawa, Elizabeth Kane and Haley Burns all had one goal apiece. The Blazers overcame Spalding’s efficiency at the draw circle and was able to sustain their lead after rallying from an early 2-0 deficit. Now they face a big week with McDonogh on Wednesday and St. Paul’s on Friday to end the regular season. Previous: 9

7. McDonogh (Md.), 10-2

The Eagles went a stunning 0-2 last week. First, they fell to St. Paul’s 16-9 on Wednesday. Kori Edmondson had four goals and an assist, Dakota Uy contributed two goals and Kemper Robinson, Caroline Godine and Hannah Shiels each had one goal apiece. Marin Wilhelm made four saves. McDonogh then lost 13-3 to Glenelg Country Day (Md.) on Friday. Previous: 1

8. Stone Ridge (Md.), 2-1

Grace Muldoon tallied five goals and two assists as Stone Ridge rolled over Holton Arms 18-5 on Friday. Muldoon leads the team in goals and assists in the early going. Caroline Conaghan also added three goals. Previous: 8

9. Penn Charter (Pa.), 9-0-1      

Penn Charter defeated Germantown Academy 22-9 on April 20. Kaylee Dyer led with six goals and five assists, Darcy Felter finished with five goals, two assists and nine draw controls, and Charlotte Hodgson had three goals and four draw controls. Bea Buckley had a hat trick with an assist, Maddie Shoup registered five draw controls and a goal and assist, Gracie Shoup had four ground balls and a goal and two assists. Jamie Kubach made seven saves, and Kayla Joyce recorded five saves. The Quakers then stopped Baldwin 25-9 on Friday. Dyer had three goals and two assists, Mia Ferraro tallied five goals, Hodgson added four goals and Grace Walter had three goals, Bea Buckley, Alex Glomb and Lane Murray each contributed two goals. Previous: 10

10. Oak Knoll (N.J.), 2-1

The Royals dropped seven spots after suffering a loss sandwiched between two wins in their opening week. Annika Spoor racked up four goals and three assists, and Colleen Quinn had three goals and three assists as Oak Knoll defeated Ramapo (N.J.) 17-3 on April 19. Annie Burton, Teagan Kocaj and Lily Ramsey all had two goals apiece. The Royals then slipped up 8-7 to Chatham (N.J.) on Wednesday, despite Darby Campbell recording three goals and an assist and Quinn adding two goals and two assists. They rebounded with an 18-4 win over Ridge (N.J.) on Saturday. Quinn had five goals and three assists in that one, Ramsey finished with four goals, and Devon Gogerty and Burton contributed two goals apiece. Previous: 3

— Justin Feil

South Top 10

1. Milton (Ga.), 16-0

Once led again led by Maddie Dora’s offensive prowess, the Eagles went 3-0 for the week to conclude the regular season undefeated. Milton picked up wins last week against Hillgrove (Ga.), Chattahoochee (Ga.) and Mill Creek (Ga.). For the week, Dora scored 12 times and added four assists, while teammate Brie Catts had 10 goals and 16 draw controls. Milton faces East Coweta (Ga.) to open playoff action. Previous: 1

2. Lake Highland Prep (Florida), 18-0

Senior Olivia Adamson’s five-goal performance led the Highlanders to a 23-1 win over Cypress Creek (Florida) on April 22. Adamson was among 15 goal scorers in last week’s playoff win. Lake Highland Prep advanced to face Edgewood (Florida) in the next round of the playoffs. Previous: 2

3. American Heritage-Delray (Florida), 13-1

The Stallions advanced to the next round of the playoffs after defeating Benjamin 22-9 on April 22. Freshman Brooke Goldstein scored nine goals in the victory, while Penn State recruit Payton Wainman had two goals and 11 draw controls. American Heritage-Delray will face Pine Crest (Florida) on April 29. Previous: 3

4. East Chapel Hill (N.C.), 16-2

The Wildcats won a state championship after they pulled off a pair of stunning upsets, first defeating Cardinal Gibbons (N.C.) 19-12 on March 22 in the state quarterfinals, then defeating Weddington (N.C.) 14-8 on March 27. Talia Zuco scored five times in the championship game. Sophie Halus and Molly Reed tied as the team’s scoring leaders with 56 goals each. Previous: 4

5. Cardinal Gibbons (N.C.), 13-1

Following a perfect regular season, the Crusaders were upset in the state quarterfinals on March 22 against East Chapel Hill. Harvard recruit Caroline Mullahy racked up 40 goals and 77 assists in just 14 games. Sophomore Gracie Mullahy tallied 36 goals and 28 assists. Previous: 5

6. Vero Beach (Florida), 14-1

Vero Beach defeated Celebration 22-2 on April 22 to earn a spot in the regional title game. Vero Beach will play for a regional title against Winter Park on April 29. Previous: 7

7. Weddington (N.C.), 17-2

The Warriors came one game short of winning a state title, losing 14-8 to East Chapel Hill on March 27. Senior Jordyn Case (Stanford) scored 82 goals and added 53 assists to close out her stellar high school career. Virginia Tech recruit Kendal Williams added 70 goals to complete her senior season. Previous: 6

8. St. Thomas Aquinas (Florida), 10-1

An eight-goal, three-assist, seven-groundball contribution from junior Sofia Guttmann helped the Raiders to a 19-1 regional semifinal win over Western (Florida) on April 22. Fellow junior Ana Yovino added three goals and six assists. Only Stoneman Douglas (Florida) stands in St. Thomas Aquinas’ way toward a regional title. Previous: 9

9. Franklin (Tenn.), 15-0

The Admirals finished off a perfect regular season last week defeating Ensworth (Tenn.) 18-8 and Page (Tenn.) 21-2. Josie Ward scored 20 points for the week, contributing seven goals and three assists and both contests last week. Ward, a Vanderbilt recruit, had 91 goals and 50 assists for the season. Previous: 10

10. Episcopal Dallas (Texas), 8-2

The Eagles are 3-0 in playoff action so far, defeating Allen (Texas) 19-10, Flower Mound (Texas) 11-8 and Southlake (Texas) 11-10. Lucy Swinwell scored the game winner to clinch the overtime victory over Southlake that gave a district title to Episcopal Dallas (Texas). Previous: NR

— Justin Boggs

Midwest Top 10

1. Loyola Academy (Ill.), 4-0

Ellie Lazzaretto had another strong week for the Ramblers with eight goals and five assists as Loyola Academy beat York (Ill.) and Barrington (Ill.) by a combined margin of 34-3. Maeve Dwyer and Maley Starr were also deadly in the latter victory with four goals apiece for the Ramblers. Previous: 1

2. New Trier (Ill.), 4-1

The Trevians bounced back from their first loss to the Ramblers, beating Maine South (Ill.) and Vernon Hills (Ill.) by a combined margin of 34-7. Emma Curry and Grace Curry had hat tricks against the Hawks, while Macy Zaban and Mia Shane did the same against the Cougars. Previous: 2

3. Upper Arlington (Ohio), 11-0

The Golden Bears won Friday’s battle of undefeated teams, beating Mason (Ohio), 15-7. Sophomore sensation Kampbell Stone came up huge, yet again, with five goals, while junior Camryn Callaghan also had five points with four goals and one assist. Previous: 3

4. Rockford (Mich.), 4-0

The Rams have scored 17-plus goals in all four games this season. Katie Rodriguez was superb in Rockford’s 20-6 victory over Cranbrook Kingswood (Mich.), notching six goals and three draw controls. Previous: 4

5. Hinsdale Central (Ill.), 2-0

The Red Devils beat York and Glenbard West by a combined margin of 40-6. Sophomore midfielder Angie Conley scored nine goals in Hinsdale Central’s first two games and “has the potential to be special this year,” according to coach Matthew McNiff. Previous: 9

6. Noblesville (Ind.), 8-1

The Millers picked up their most impressive victory of the season Wednesday, jumping out to a 7-0 start against previously undefeated Carmel (Ind.) and hanging on for a 13-10 win, as Chloe Barnett, Brooke Miller and Sidney Klinger all tallied hat tricks. Rheagan Haney and Emma Potter added five goals apiece in a Friday win over Westfield (Ind.). Previous: NR

7. Edina (Minn.), 3-0

The Hornets proved their opening win over 2019 state champion Prior Lake was no fluke with dominant victories over Hopkins (Minn.) and Wayzata (Minn.). After starting with three home games, Edina is scheduled to play five of its next seven on the road, including what should be a hotly anticipated trip to Eden Prairie on May 4. Previous: 7

8. Eden Prairie (Minn.), 2-0

The Eagles had another strong performance this past week, defeating Hopkins (Minn.) 15-2. Eden Prairie was superb in all facets with junior Josie Lillquist scoring seven goals, freshman Josie Wallace notching seven draw controls and the Eagles allowing just two shots in the first half. Previous: 8

9. Carmel (Ind.), 8-1

The Greyhounds bounced back from their first loss of the season, 13-10 at Noblesville (Ind.), by beating Park Tudor (Ind.) and Culver Academy (Ind.) by a combined margin of 38-10. Maddie McGarty made three hat tricks in three days, with three goals against Noblesville, four goals and an assist against Park Tudor and five goals and three helpers against Culver. Previous: 6

10. Mason (Ohio), 9-1

The Comets lost their battle of undefeated teams with Upper Arlington but have a couple of great chances to prove themselves this week with road games against Sycamore (Ohio) on Thursday and New Albany (Ohio) on Saturday. Sara Grove made 12 saves, while Megan Carroll and Lyla Glinski had two goals apiece in the loss to the Golden Bears, putting Carroll and Glinski at 29 and 24 goals, respectively. Previous: 10

— Jonah Rosenblum

West Top 10

1. Colorado Academy (Colo.), 0-0

The Mustangs didn’t get on the field in 2020 after completing their second straight unbeaten season and wrapping up a fifth consecutive state in 2019, but they graduated just two players who would have started last year and most of the nine returners played big roles in the past. Thus, it doesn’t appear their reign in Colorado will end any time soon. When the Mustangs get on the field at the end of April, they’ll seek to build on a 48-game win streak behind players like senior midfielders Katharine Merrifield (Michigan) and Jessie Bakes (Brown), senior defenders Maya Rutherford (Michigan), Marin Bomgaars, Julia Hall and Rebecca Kerr (Denison), senior attackers Ella Freimuth and Kendall Smart and junior midfielder Maya Kendall (Darmouth). Previous: 1

2. San Ramon Valley (Calif.), 12-0

The Wolves handed Redwood (Calif.) its first loss of the season, beating the Giants 17-9 on Saturday to cap a three-win week. Alannah Scott led with six goals, while Lauren Iorio added three goals and three assists and Izzy Castillo also recorded a hat trick with three goals and one assist. The week began with SRV’s second win of the season against California High, this time 23-10. Five players scored multiple goals, led by Scott’s performance with six goals and two assists. Marin Ruh added five goals, and Tatum Neach had four goals and two assists. Previous: 2

3. Scripps Ranch (Calif.), 5-0

The Falcons were idle this week after a top 10 matchup with No. 5 La Jolla (Calif.) had to be postponed until May 7. They are set to return to action Tuesday at San Marcos SD (Calif.). Previous: 3

4. Cherry Creek (Colo.), 0-0

Despite their youth, the Bruins hope to make a run at a 23rd straight state final appearance this season as they chase their first state title since 2014. Cherry Creek only has a few seniors, but experience in the midfield, good team speed and an athletic new goalkeeper in freshman Charlotte Morton should help carry the team early on while young players adjust. Top returning players include junior midfielders Lily Assini (University of Colorado) and Emily Collins and senior attacker Sophia Hashimoto. Colorado begin practices this week. Previous: 4

5. La Jolla (Calif.), 4-0

The Vikings breezed past Canyon Crest Academy (Calif.) on Tuesday, but a highly anticipated matchup with No. 3 Scripps Ranch was postponed to May 7. So, La Jolla’s 20-1 win over CCA was the lone game of the week. Ten different players scored, with Luca Demaio, Terra Evans, Stella Wineman and Stella Artukovich all recording three goals. Previous: 5

6. Foothill-Santa Ana (Calif.), 5-0

The Knights leap into the rankings after handing Newbury Park (Calif.) its first loss – decisively. Foothill rolled to a 19-8 win on Saturday, capitalizing on 58 percent of their 33 shots on goal. Elena Torres led the attack with six goals and one assist, while Zoey Stephens added five goals and Taylor Puma had three. The 11-goal margin matches the Knights’ closest game this year, as they beat Santa Margarita (Calif.) 16-5 earlier this season. Previous: NR

7. Mercer Island (Wash.), 0-0

The Islanders won their 2019 state championship with several sophomores contributing, and now as seniors, they are hungry to defend that title two years later. Mercer Island didn’t get a chance to play any games before the 2020 season was cancelled, and they anxiously await their opener May 4. Senior midfielders Annabelle Gersch and Hannah Tiscornia and senior attacker Emma Brodsky and junior attacker Molly Brodsky highlight the strength of the team. The Islanders welcome a new goalie and have gaps to fill in replacing two low defenders. Previous: 6

8. Amador Valley (Calif.), 7-0

Since beating California High by five goals on April 2, the Dons haven’t been tested. They outscored their two opponents last week 41-3, but at least are showing some balance in the blowouts. Twelve players registered points in a 19-1 win over Livermore (Calif.) on April 20, but no individuals scored more than twice and 14 of the 19 goals were assisted. Sophomore Celeste Murphy led with two goals and three assists, and junior Molly Smith had one goal and four assists. Previous: 8

9. Torrey Pines (Calif.), 7-1

Reese Loseke scored five goals and assisted three others to lead the Falcons to a 14-8 win over Cathedral Catholic (Calif.) on Saturday – the second game in a row the junior scored five goals. Laurel Gonzalez also had a hat trick, and Elie Davidson and Liz Trask each added two goals and one assist. Torrey Pines opened the week with a 17-8 win over Westview (Calif.). on April 20, and Loseke talled five goals and six assists in that one. Previous: 7

10. Regis Jesuit (Colo.), 0-0

The Raiders would have returned eight starters from their 2019 state semifinalist squad last year, but that group played just one game before the season shut down. Now they have some holes to fill as they prepare for a return to the field next month. Regis Jesuit will be led by a dominant mid-line featuring four-year starters Cate Lord and Grace Weigand. Previous: 10

— Laurel Pfahler